Why is there different races on earth

Relethford J. Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation. Derived variants at six genes explain nearly half of size reduction in dog breeds. Genome Res. Genetic structure of human populations. Color, race, and genomic ancestry in Brazil: dialogues between anthropology and genetics. Sarich and Miele. Race: the reality of human differences. Cambridge: Westview Press; Genetics and the social behavior of dogs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin.

Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping. PubMed Google Scholar. The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals. Am J Public Health. Smith SL. Single sub species then and now: an examination of the nonracial perspective of C.

Loring Brace. Snipp CM. Racial measurement in the American census: past practices and implications for the future. Ann Rev Sociol. Associations between domestic-dog morphology and behaviour scores in the dog mentality assessment. Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. Two newly identified genetic determinants of pigmentation in Europeans. Sussman RW.

The myth of race: The troubling persistence of an unscientific idea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs. Mamm Genome. Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs.

The Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation. Racial experience as an alternative operationalization of race. Townshend E. London: Frances Lincoln; United States Census Bureau. Variants of the melanocyte—stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Vance M. Biology teaching in a racist society. In: Gill D, Levidow L, editors. Anti-racist science teaching. London: Free Association Books; Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog.

Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication. Wade N. A troublesome inheritance: genes, race and human history. New York: Penguin; Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell Res. Weaver H. Weiss KM. The tales genes tell or not : a century of exploration.

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Ann Hum Genet. What type of person are you? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. Weiss K, Long JC. The biology and genetics of curly hair. Exp Dermatol. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Taking race out of human genetics. Zack N. The fluid symbol of mixed race.

Download references. We are grateful to the six reviewers and the editor at Evolutionary Anthropology whose feedback inspired us to improve upon an earlier version of this paper.

Thanks to David Upegui and David Fastovsky for leading us to the education literature. Financial assistance for publication provided by the University of Rhode Island and the University of Cincinnati. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

All authors wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Holly Dunsworth. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. AMOVA—analysis of molecular variance is a method to investigate population structure using molecular data. F ST —a measure of genetic differentiation among subpopulations based on allele frequencies.

F ST is a measure of the reduction of heterozygosity in a subpopulation relative to heterozygosity in the total population. F ST values of 0 indicate that individuals in a population are mating at random there is no substructure , while an F ST value of 1 indicates complete substructure subpopulations are completely differentiated on the basis of allele frequencies.

Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium—a statistical test to determine if a genetic variant in a specific population is currently undergoing strong evolutionary forces such as selection or genetic drift. Heritability and Heritable traits—Heritability is a statistic used to estimate the amount of variation in a phenotypic trait that can be attributed to genetic variation between individuals in a population. Heritability explains the proportion of variation in a trait that cannot be explained by environmental or random factors.

In other words, if the heritability of a trait say height is 0. Heterozygosity—the state of possessing two non-identical copies of an allele, inherited from each parent. Homozygosity—the state of possessing two identical copies of an allele, inherited from each parent. Linkage—co-segregation co-inheritance of two or more alleles either due to physical location on the chromosome or the distribution of allele frequencies in the population.

Locus plural loci —a physical location on the chromosome which usually represents the position of a gene or portion of a gene. Microsatellite—often referred to as short tandem repeats STRs , these are small pieces of DNA that mutate rapidly and are useful to measure differences within and between groups. Phenotype—the observed, physical properties of an organism, brought about by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Population structure—occurs when a larger population contains multiple sub-populations, with varying degrees of gene flow occurring between them.

Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP —genetic variation at a single base i. A, C, G, or T in the genome. Structure— a computer program that employs a model-based clustering algorithm to infer population structure using multi-locus genotype data.

Briefly, for a user-defined value of k number of clusters structure will find the most likely way to divide individuals in k clusters based on their genotypes. Reprints and Permissions. Norton, H. Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy. Evo Edu Outreach 12, 17 Download citation. Received : 18 April Accepted : 30 June Published : 09 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Norton 1 , Ellen E. Quillen 2 , Abigail W. Bigham 3 , Laurel N. Abstract In , evolutionary biologist J. Full size image. Portuguese water dog and limbs of human. Concluding remarks This paper bridges academic literature and popular culture. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Google Scholar Dobzhansky T. Google Scholar Gibbons A.

Google Scholar Hardimon MO. Google Scholar Koskinen MT. Article Google Scholar Leroy G. Google Scholar Marks J. Article Google Scholar Marks J. Article Google Scholar Montagu A. Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the six reviewers and the editor at Evolutionary Anthropology whose feedback inspired us to improve upon an earlier version of this paper.

Funding Financial assistance for publication provided by the University of Rhode Island and the University of Cincinnati. Ironically, some scientific creationists consider Homo erectus a "true man. Peking Man: A Fraud? The Peking Man remains were found in China between and by a number of Western and Chinese scientists. They were measured, described, and photographed. Accurate plaster casts and drawings were made.

The Peking remains, now technically referred to as Homo erectus , are clearly human, but primitive. These people walked upright, made stone tools, and were hunters of large game animals. They differed from modern humans in that they had smaller brains, larger brow ridges, and large teeth. Both culturally as well as biologically, they bridge the gap between early and late human fossils. Because of the outbreak of World War II, the physical remains themselves were lost.

Casts, photographs, measurements, and other descriptive material survived the war, however, and can be studied today. Creationists claim that the original remains were those of monkeys, not people. The casts, photographs, measurements, and other data are all manufactured to look more human than were the actual remains, according to scientific creationists.

The creationist claim is untenable. First, Chinese scholars in recent years have excavated at the original Peking Man site, as well as in other places in China, and have uncovered new remains that look just like the older finds. In fact, two skull pieces found in fit exactly onto two found in the s and all are clearly part of a single skull.

Why should modern Chinese scientists go to considerable trouble to continue a fraud perpetrated 50 years ago by western scientists? We have no reason to doubt the recent Chinese finds are genuine.

Furthermore, remains of Homo erectus have been found in many parts of Eurasia and Africa by scientists of many different nationalities. The scientific creationist claim that Peking man is a forgery is strange indeed. A Real Fraud: Piltdown Man. The Piltdown fossil was discovered in and was hailed by almost all evolutionary scientists as a true "missing link. Scientists therefore presumed that the first humans would have large brains, as had the only known human fossils of the time.

But scientists of the time did not conceive of the earliest humans as being quite different from their descendants in brain size. Piltdown had a large, modern skull and primitive dentition: just what the hypothesis predicted. As it turned out, Piltdown was a forgery composed of the skull of a human and the jaw of an orangutan, with teeth carefully filed, and the whole specimen stained to give it an appearance of antiquity.

Whoever forged it knew well the expectations of the scientific community, thus ensuring the immediate acceptance of the hoax as genuine. This preliminary acceptance was not shared by all scientists of the time. Taylor criticized the find as not having a human pattern of tooth wear, and some other critics expressed skepticism as well.

But most scientists accepted Piltdown because it fulfilled the correct working hypothesis: that the earliest humans would be distinguished from apes by having large brains. In , a series of fossils began to be discovered in South Africa that in time caused a replacement of the "big brain" model of evolution.

These fossils, called Australopithecus had small, ape-sized brains, but human-like teeth -- exactly the opposite of Piltdown. As more of these two-legged early humans were discovered, a revision in the old view became necessary. Piltdown became more and more an anomaly, irreconcilable with increasingly abundant small-brained fossils. For a couple of decades Piltdown remained in limbo and was less and less frequently fit into evolutionary sequences -- or done so with a "?

Finally the matter was laid to rest in by J. Weiner and colleagues, who demonstrated chemically that the skull and jaw belonged to two different creatures. Piltdown is therefore an excellent example of how science works: the constant interplay between evidence and interpretation. The discovery of new fossils caused a revision in the way scientists looked at human evolution. Fitting Piltdown into the overall scheme became more and more difficult. There was only one Piltdown, and much contrary evidence.

Eventually the idea of Piltdown as a human ancestor was abandoned. Another important point is that it was evolutionists themselves who exposed. Piltdown as a forgery, not scientific creationists, and in so doing demonstrated the self-correcting nature of science. A Creationist Fraud? Scientists have explored the region around the Paluxy River near Glen Rose, Texas, since the s, finding hundreds of dinosaur tracks. The geology and paleontology of the area are well known.

Scientific creationists claim human tracks are found among the dinosaur tracks, which if true would challenge the interpretations of evolutionists. Contrary to television and comic book portrayals of "cave men" with dinosaur neighbors, humans evolved millions of years after dinosaurs became extinct, and remains of dinosaurs and humans are never found together.

Based on this logical sequence of thought, my conclusion—that yes, race does indeed exist—seemed self-evident. But why, then, would Dr. Royal be asking me this question? Because I was wrong. The project found that there is more genetic variation within a single population subgroup than between two different population subgroups.

For example, there may be more genetic diversity within a population in Asia than between that same population and a different population in Europe. Since the beginning of , over bomb threats have been made against Jewish community centers and schools. Minorities such as American Muslims and black Americans have expressed fears over racial relations under Trump.

Undeniably, the topic of race—and racism—has gripped America and the world throughout. Over the last decade, there have been hopes that the US has become a post-racial society, free of racial prejudice and discrimination.

However, the most recent months indicate the contrary : race remains an incendiary issue. In , scientists completed the Human Genome Project , making it finally possible to examine human ancestry with genetics. Scientists have since tackled topics such as human migrations out of Africa and around the world. The soaring popularity of ancestry testing bespeaks a widespread perception that we can use these tests to dissect, delineate, and define our ancestral composition. Indeed, social media is teeming with blog posts, and even livestream videos , from excited customers bursting to broadcast their test results and their reactions.

Estimating our ancestral composition down to 0. But reality is far less simple. A landmark study by Stanford scientists examined the question of human diversity by looking at the distribution across seven major geographical regions of 4, alleles. For instance, all humans have the same genes that code for hair: the different alleles are why hair comes in all types of colors and textures.

The observation that the vast majority of the alleles were shared over multiple regions, or even throughout the entire world, points to the fundamental similarity of all people around the world—an idea that has been supported by many other studies Figure 1B. However, the Stanford study found that only 7. In fact, there is ample variation within races Figure 1B. Ultimately, there is so much ambiguity between the races, and so much variation within them, that two people of European descent may be more genetically similar to an Asian person than they are to each other Figure 2.

The divisions between races are doubtlessly blurred, but does this necessarily mean that race is a myth —a mere social construct and biologically meaningless? As with other race-related questions, the answer is multi-dimensional and may well depend on whom you ask. In the biological and social sciences, the consensus is clear: race is a social construct , not a biological attribute. However, even if scientists agree that race is, at most, a social construct , any cursory search of the internet reveals that the broader public is not convinced of this.

After all, if an Asian person looks so different from a European, how could they not be from distinct groups? The popular classifications of race are based chiefly on skin color, with other relevant features including height, eyes, and hair. Though these physical differences may appear, on a superficial level, to be very dramatic, they are determined by only a minute portion of the genome: we as a species have been estimated to share The few differences that do exist reflect differences in environments and external factors, not core biology.

Importantly, the evolution of skin color occurred independently, and did not influence other traits such as mental abilities and behavior. In fact, science has yet to find evidence that there are genetic differences in intelligence between populations.

Ultimately, while there certainly are some biological differences between different populations, these differences are few and superficial. The traits that we do share are far more profound. Despite the scientific consensus that humanity is more alike than unlike, the long history of racism is a somber reminder that throughout human history, a mere 0. The advances in human genetics and the evidence of negligible differences between races might be expected to halt racist arguments.

But, in fact, genetics has been used to further racist and ethnocentric arguments—as in the case of the alt-right , which promotes far-right ideologies, including white nationalism and anti-Semitism. Those who disagree with alt-right ideologies may assume that the alt-right is merely spewing ignorant nonsense. This is certainly true for some of the alt-right. What is perhaps a more difficult truth is that many of the alt-right do, in fact, understand biology and genetics to an impressive extent, even if this understanding is flawed.

They are similarly correct that Neanderthals had larger skulls than humans. Based on these facts, some within the alt-right have claimed that Europeans and Asians have superior intelligence because they have inherited larger brains from their Neanderthal ancestors.

However, this claim ignores that while there is evidence for the effect of Neanderthal DNA on certain traits , there has been no evidence for its effect on intelligence. Furthermore, scientific research indicates that the Neanderthals were not necessarily more intelligent simply because they had larger skulls. Unsurprisingly, the alt-right tends cherry-pick the ideas that align with their preconceived notions of racial hierarchies, ignoring the broader context of the field of human genetics.

Just as the alt-right is no longer an easily dismissed fringe group, their arguments have some factual basis, and cannot be swept aside as the babbling of the scientific illiterate. Mounting scientific evidence has shown that humans are fundamentally more similar than different from each other.

Nonetheless, racism has persisted. Scientific findings are often ignored, or otherwise actively misinterpreted and misused to further racist agendas of extreme political groups. Opponents of these forces must, through their own education and awareness, combat these misleading interpretations and representations of scientific findings.

The genome contains powerful insights about our biology that could unite us as a species, but which could also be dangerous and divisive if used without understanding. As we look forward to and onwards, it becomes ever more important to understand what our DNA says about what it means to be human. Vivian Chou is a Ph. I totally agree with your premise about race.

Scientist using the term ancestry instead of race; kudos to them, if only the general public would pick up on that. Unfortunately to many of us have beliefs that are inconsistent with scientific theory and that only clouds our true understanding of ancestry and the journey our species took to populate the world.

Yes, note Piltdown Man , We got a hell of a chuckle out of that historic event when I was taking anthropology in about Concept is still valid today.

I remember in archaeology class learning about what a thief one of the early anthropologist was in Arizona and New Mexico! Sometimes making things up to support his own theories also. I love science but human beings are still doing science. Consider also how two of the most highly recognized persons in their field of science can swear and be damage that the other person is full of beans!

Exactly so what makes this true they said we all have a black gene now that dna is there and many European have tests that show not one bit not even The expression of alleles- such as brown eyes, brown skin, does not a separate race make. There is a complete confusion here about social science thinking eg classes have some social mobility and absolute real science.

Why so- answer different genetic make up of genders in the first place. The same is true with ethnicity but much more subtly genetically but never the less still genetic. Skin Colour is a physical quantity and therefore genetically derived. Reason is the muscle structure is slightly different in different ethnicities and hence the respiratory muscles acting on the pulmonary pump have slightly different mechanics and inertia in different ethnicities and also different genders.

I hope nobody reading this will take it as Racist just real science. Racist is real prejudice or slight prejudice eg like the White police in South USA allowed somehow to get away with murder and often the Southern States allowing things like this to happen -the white major seems OK though.

By the way intelligence is not genetic the most brilliant sccientific mathematical geniuses were some Black American Ladies who ensured USA astronauts landed on moon and returned safely in s. Call yourself what you want. It will never be biological tho. I agree. Your ignorance and refusal to grow your mindset is startling. You are commenting on an article written by scientists and backed up by fact and are still being blatantly racist.

It gives me little hope for the future of our nation. We are a nation of immigrants and color and diversity. They know they can come here and make it, because we are a country of opportunity. I am simply a high school freshman and I am beyond outraged by your comment.

You sound ridiculous. If skin color reflected the DNA and genetics of people, the inside part, we would all have the same skin color. You will sadly never be a fully functioning member of society if the one thing you believe is that people with pale skin are superior. I am in complete and utter shock and disbelief. I will say it again. We are not a white nation, nor is it okay for you to believe it is okay to want to stay a white nation.

Anything about race and race itself that you are worried about is the result of the white man destroying entire societies and countries and villages and ravaging entire nations. If anyone is to blame for this notion of race it is people like you, yourself, sir. Agree, David. The open borders, and hordes of illegals entering our country has caused a disaster to which there is no fix.

Not to mention the blacks, who pillage all the major cities and contribute nothing towards making America a great and safe country. Yes, give me a white nation. We are trying to make this world a better place. Let us not get stuck in name calling and labelling people groups as inferior or superior.

Let us, instead, aim for high ideals under which all are respected and treated with the human rights that made the United States so beautiful in the first place. And what makes you think you are white? I have never seen a person with white skin before. David appears to be a white supremacist, white nationalist.

Yeah and ok to have stayed out of other nations that were not so called white where your kind stole lands and stayed behind till date,payback is coming.

Science runs on money. Are outcomes of scientific studies now being dictated by politics? I would think the consequences of inbreeding vs. A YouGov poll found that between 1. Having said that I think claiming the earth is flat, is the cornerstone belief for someone who really wishes to express how little they trust authority. I think David and people like him, are just using the social construct of race to express a different, underlying belief. Certainly something fear-based.

Once earth orbit and space travel objectively proved the shape of earth, it was on to other things not known-except for those few people who needed a really aggressive way of expressing their distrust of government and authority. If we can find out what David and people like him are afraid of, we might put the social construct of race out to the same pasture where the penguins guarding the ice wall reside.

First of all, if you know how dna works… the dna Im one human body could stretch back from here to the sun back and forth many times over. Humans who left Africa bred with others outside of Africa such as the Neanderthals.

Also mixing is more genetically sound and proper biologically speaking, it can breed out defects and diseases and also improves genetic fitness with more mutations to draw from. Like brain size, IQ, impulsivity and likelyhood of committing violent crime. This is why geographical terminology best applies to geography and and should not be so heavily relied upon for a discriptor for race.

Race moves location and changes with time. There was a time in my life that the study of DNA or genes was quite interesting. Your comments are based on observation and the studies of thousands before us. We seek answers to questions we are unlikely to ever know, but it keeps us from boredom. Do you have bias?

I do to some extent. The majority of our opinions are theory, but leave room for expressions that differ from our own if we cannot prove differently. Arm yourself with intelligence. Just as all people who are not from Africa have Neanderthal admixture and Asians have Denisovan admixture, Africans have admixture from archaic hominids. Humans are remarkably genotypically and phenotypically different. The researchers then calculated the probability that each stretch of DNA was inherited from a Neanderthal ancestor.

The researchers found that African individuals on average had significantly more Neanderthal DNA than previously thought—about 17 megabases Mb worth, or 0. By suggesting that Europeans introduced Neanderthal sequences into Africa, the new study points to an explanation: Researchers previously assumed that Neanderthal sequences shared by Europeans and Africans were modern and subtracted them out.

After correcting for that bias, the new study found similar amounts of Neanderthal DNA in Europeans and Asians—51 and 55 Mb, respectively. Are you being disingenuous? Your skin colour is determined by your genes. Or, perhaps you think we are painted white, yellow, brown or black while passing through the vagina?

If so seemingly nearly all but albinos choose the same colour. What are you talking about? That is why the Out of Africa can not be disproven up till today. Otherwise, it was easy to disprove it. Why do you only have venom and ill-wishes for my kind? We have seen all the terrible things you have done and how everything you say is an excuse to cause more trouble. You only have hateful terms for White people yet nothing but approval for everyone else.

You are all frauds and simpletons, and your kind will not rule forever. Stay perpetually mad that we exist and will continue to exist. Greetings: what about pheramonal DNA research from smelling people of different races in relation to the flight to fight instinct.

What is the difference in sweat between the three main races? Is anyone doing research in sweat? How does the unconscious mind react to sweat in blind testing.

Controlled test: have one asian, one white and one black person run on a treadmill long enough to sweat. Blindfold three people of the three different races.

Hook them up to an electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram. And galvanic responce meter. The have them smell the sweat blindfolded not knowing the visual race of the person before them and see the results. Has anyone tried this. Not a Carey grant or president grant either? Just as deer avoid areas where carnivores urinate, based on what the carnivore has eaten I.

Good luck not with that. There are temples in India that they believe to be over years old. Predating the pyramids. I think the different races were seeded here from other galaxies. No prob. Just be kind. The master said it and it solves all human problems. Evidence points to the fact that our nomenclature needs another level.

Is a blackbird and a redwing blackbird the same species? Skin color is. The classical definition of a species is a group of organisms whose members are able to breed with one another and produce viable offspring, which clearly applies to all humans regardless of skin color. Additionally, I feel that you have latched on to one trait, skin color, to lend support to your point of view, but why that particular trait? Why not eye color? Humans have many different traits that have evolved over time to create disparities and visible difference between various groups, but we are all different flavors of the same design, none better than another.

Like cranial capacity. Cranial capacity can be grouped into at least three different identifiable populations. Caucazoid, mongaloid and negroid. The cranial capacity varies greatly between the three with the largest gap between the northeast Asians and sub Saharan Africans. Dogs share Why when differences in humans are so apparent must it be a crime to ignore them. Why call those that see the obvious difference racist.. I love thiz feed.

Racists and non racists and scientist referees. I think the white racists are being bred out. That makes them hysterical. A couple more generations they will disappear. Lost breed. Im glad to see mexicans come over the border and black mix with white and muslins on TV. If the game-changer is skin color than literally millions of African Africans are not black because the appearance of their skin color is white.

LOL Your point is moot. No one has ever said that skin color is the game changer. There is more to it then skin color. And yes, it is true that millions of African Americans are note even black but mixed, as is the case with Katherine Johnson. This is one of the many brilliant African-Americans who have made remarkable contributions to the world.

Thank you for sharing. When the U. The founders of this nation believed in the principle of equality under the law. There is also ZERO biological evidence of more than one human race, though there are inherited traits based on ancestry. There is Zero basis on any difference in intellectual or physical superiority between these population groups. Different populations make for different cultures, especially when separated,….

There is enormous evidence for major intellectual and physical differences between ethnicities races. Ashkenazi Jews have an average IQ a full standard deviation higher than Europeans and hispanics are a full deviation below Europeans and Africans are another standard deviation below hispanics.

Pygmies male average height is under 5 feet while Dutch or Masai average height is above 6 feet. In the African equatorial rain forest pygmies are superior and in the tropical Savannah of East Africa Masai are superior. There are differences between races such as skin colour, hair type, eye colour, athletic ability, etc based on genetic inheritance. Studies have also shown that there are huge differences in intelligence.

Lowest average IQ is in sub Saharan Africa where it is These IQ values correlates very well with what the different peoples achieved over the millenia and today as well with their wealth. These traits are all due to natural selection. You needed a high IQ to survive in the cold north during the ice age. To survive in Africa you needed a dark skin and strong muscles but a high IQ was not necessery.

Whether these differences are enough to constitute different species, is ofcourse another question. North America was never really a nation besides the Aztecs,myans and the surrounding civilizations which were located in Mexico and central America. A northern European cannot move to the Southwest US and not expect ramifications such as really high skin cancer rates , and neither can a Somali move to Sweden and not have a detrimental health reaction.

This goes for diet as well. If someone of indigenous ancestry changes their diet to something more native american, I would expect improvement. Then according to you, wolves and dogs must be one species then too. And dolphins must be related to fish…. Homo Sapiens then backtracked into Africa exterminating anything that was left of Homo Erectus.

I say nothing can replace intuition as a way of determining who is similar to you and who is not. Saying West Africans and Scandinavians are so similar that what you see is just an illusion will never pass with the majority of psychologically healthy people.

They was skulls of lesser or not understood mankind species. Hi You are so correct Susan. First, trump is not a Caucasian but is of Negroid racial origin. Darwin, who started this out of Africa lie was a racist against Caucasians and Asians who have larger brains. So to put his race on an equal level he made the false claim all humans evolved from primates in Africa which is a lie.

Primates have always been this species as humans have always been the same species. His concept of evolution is so stupid of a lie he even said fish could become animals, ect.

No that is not true, but their are adaptation programs in all creatures that help them survive in changes to the environment but they still remain the same species. I doubt it. Till this day and for all the other centuries before all life has come out of Africa every study recognizes living humanity 7 million years ago in Africa whereas every other young society of humans are thousands of years younger… so why is that silly to you?

Much later some of the group that went to Asia traveled further to Europe. Peter, I love your diatribe. To be human is to be at peace with being yourself. The rest is just opinion. Everyone has an opinion. Good for you. And have you noticed how virtually all racial and ethnic groups on earth tend to self segregate? Forcing groups together is what seems to be the unnatural thing. The only thing we can say with any real confidence is that humans of all backgrounds and appearances really love to avoid admitting obvious truths because it might hurt somebody in the feels.

The aliens are laughing at us. No other races behaves in the same way as carcasuons mixed with Neanderthals. Most other races are not fearful and hateful of other people, almost seemingly on a genetic level.

Most races are curious or interested in different people yet white people seem to be scared or threatened by what is different.

The only explanation of this unique behavior in white people, is that they are mixed with a primitive type of hominid that makes them way more susceptible to hate and fear. Kind of like what predatory animals do with other predatory species for competitive reasons.

Early humans in Europe probably befriended and exploited other types of hominid and then killed off the Neanderthals only keeping the more cooperative Neanderthals, which they bred out of existence. The remaining neanderthals were probably slaves until bread out of assistance.

They take what other people have and build upon it, much like their ancestors probably did to other types of humans, this behavior has never left them. Donald Trump knows how to whip up those primitive attributes of early man and neanderthal in white people. Human intelligence has more to do with environment, resources and access to good education. Western Europeans are unique amongst other societies in their level of interest in outside cultures.

They are the only group of humans that have taken the culture artifacts of other human societies, studied them, and put them in museums given them value! Most of other human societies destroy the artifacts of their rivals.

Your arguments about hate and fear in white European societies is completely baseless. Fear of outsiders is a fundamental human trait, and Europeans have done more to override this in their development of modern, open, and inclusive society than other group of humans in the history of the planet.

Are you looking at the entire span of human history? Europe has had its dark ages. Civilizations rise and fall. It is so sad to hear anti European and anti African comments. You have missed the point of the article. I am sad. Civilizations rise and fall just as ethnic groups grow and go extinct.